The accompanying accounting policies and notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

The accompanying accounting policies and notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

(in thousands of HRK)	Issued capital	Share premium	Treasury shares	Treasury shares reserves	Legal reserves	Reinvested profit reserve	Statutory reserves	Other reserves	Retained earnings	Total	Non-controlling interests	Total
As at 1 January 2020	1,566,401	179,803	(47,568)	147,604	66,358	189,738	64,046	385,834	620,878	3,173,094	46,334	3,219,428
Comprehensive income
Profit for the year	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	248,934	248,934	7,200	256,134
Foreign exchange differences	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8,141	-	8,141	487	8,628
Actuarial losses (net of deferred tax)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	(2,602)	-	(2,602)	-	(2,602)
Other comprehensive income	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5,539	-	5,539	487	6,026
Total comprehensive income	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5,539	248,934	254,473	7,687	262,160
Transactions with owners and transfers recognised directly in equity
Allocation from retained earnings	-	-	-	-	10,238	-	3,505	78,312	(92,055)	-	-	-
Liquidation of a subsidiary	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	911	911
Exercise of options	-	(3,708)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	(3,708)	-	(3,708)
Fair value of share-based payment transactions	-	11,120	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	11,120	-	11,120
Dividend declared	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	(62,929)	(62,929)	-	(62,929)
Total transactions with owners recognised directly in equity	-	7,412	-	-	10,238	-	3,505	78,312	(154,984)	(55,517)	911	(54,606)
As at 31 December 2020	1,566,401	187,215	(47,568)	147,604	76,596	189,738	67,551	469,685	714,828	3,372,050	54,932	3,426,982
Comprehensive income
Profit for the year	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	309,221	309,221	8,601	317,822
Foreign exchange differences	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	502	-	502	(137)	365
Actuarial losses (net of deferred tax)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	(969)	-	(969)	-	(969)
Other comprehensive income	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	(467)	-	(467)	(137)	(604)
Total comprehensive income	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	(467)	309,221	308,754	8,464	317,218
Transactions with owners and transfers recognised directly in equity
Allocation from retained earnings (note 30)	-	-	-	-	9,712	-	2,621	127,215	(139,548)	-	-	-
Exercise of options	-	(1,986)	8,181	-	-	-	-	-	812	7,007	-	7,007
Fair value of share-based payment transactions (note 39)	-	6,260	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6,260	-	6,260
Dividend declared	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	(63,127)	(63,127)	-	(63,127)
Additional acquisition of minority interests (note 30)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	33	-	33	(107)	(74)
Total transactions with owners recognised directly in equity	-	4,274	8,181	-	9,712	-	2,621	127,248	(201,863)	(49,827)	(107)	(49,934)
As at 31 December 2021	1,566,401	191,489	(39,387)	147,604	86,308	189,738	70,172	596,466	822,186	3,630,977	63,289	3,694,266

The accompanying accounting policies and notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

The accompanying accounting policies and notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 1 – GENERAL INFORMATION

History and incorporation

Podravka prehrambena industrija d.d., Koprivnica (“the Company”) is incorporated in the Republic of Croatia. The principal activities of the Group comprise production of a wide range of food products as well as production and distribution of drugs, pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, auxiliary medical preparations and other chemicals. The Group consists of the parent company Podravka d.d. and its subsidiaries as stated in note 22. Podravka d.d. was established as a joint stock company under the entity registration number 010006549 and personal identification number 18928523252.

The Group is headquartered in Koprivnica, Croatia, Ante Starčevića 32.

The main location of the Company’s operations is Koprivnica, the Republic of Croatia.

The Company’s shares were listed on the official market of the Zagreb Stock Exchange until 27 December 2018, since when they have been listed on the Prime Market of the Zagreb Stock Exchange. The shareholder structure is shown in note 29.

Podravka d.d. is the ultimate parent company of the Group.

During 2021, there were no changes in the Company’s name or other identification of the reported entity.

General Assembly

The General Assembly of the Company consists of the shareholders of Podravka d.d.

More detailed information is presented in note 43.

NOTE 2 – BASIS OF PREPARATION

(i)              Statement of compliance

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the European Union (“EU IFRS”). 

Financial statements are presented for the Group. The financial statements of the Group comprise the consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. The separate financial statements of the Company, which the Company is also required to prepare in accordance with EU IFRS, are published separately and issued simultaneously with these consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements are available on the Company’s  website.

Changes in accounting policies are explained in note 5.

These financial statements were authorised for issue by the Management Board on April 4, 2022.

(ii)             Basis of measurement

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared on the historical cost basis, except where stated otherwise (see note 6).

(iii)           Functional and presentation currency

These financial statements are prepared in the Croatian kuna (“HRK”), which is also the functional currency, rounded to the nearest thousand.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The principal accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented.

3.1                  Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group incorporate the financial statements of Podravka d.d. (“the Company”) and entities controlled by Podravka d.d. (its subsidiaries) as at and for the year ended 31 December 2021. Control is achieved if the Company has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities.

(i)         Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Company has the power to govern the financial and operating policies generally accompanying a shareholding of more than one half of the voting rights. The existence and effect of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible are considered when assessing whether the Company controls another entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Company and are de-consolidated from the date that control ceases.

(ii)        Business combinations

The Group uses the acquisition method of accounting to account for business combinations. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary is the fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred and the equity interests issued by the Group. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Acquisition related costs are expensed in the statement of comprehensive income as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. On an acquisition-by-acquisition basis, the Group recognises any non-controlling interest in the acquiree either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquiree’s net assets.

The excess of consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree and acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquiree over the fair value of the Group’s share of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If this is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognised directly in the statement of comprehensive income.

(iii)      Non-controlling interests

Non-controlling interests are initially measured by their proportionate share of recognised net assets of the acquiree at the acquisition date. Changes in the Group’s share in the subsidiary that do not result in loss of control are accounted for as transactions with owners.

(iv)       Loss of control over subsidiaries

When the Group loses control of a subsidiary, the subsidiary’s assets and liabilities and all related non-controlling interests and other equity items are derecognised. Gains or losses are recognized in the income statement. Retained share in the former subsidiary is measured at fair value when control is lost.

(v)         Transactions eliminated on consolidation i

Intra-group balances and transactions, and any unrealised gains arising from intra-group transactions, are eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Unrealised gains arising from transactions with associates and jointly controlled entities are eliminated to the extent of the Group’s interest in the enterprise. Unrealised gains arising from transactions with associates are eliminated against the investment in the associate. Unrealised losses are eliminated in the same way as unrealised gains, but only to the extent that there is no evidence of impairment.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.2                  Goodwill

Goodwill arising on an acquisition of a business is carried at cost as established at the date of acquisition of the business, less accumulated impairment loss, if any.

For the purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to each of the Group's cash-generating units (or groups of cash-generating units) that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination.

A cash-generating unit to which goodwill has been allocated is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently when there is indication that the unit may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro rata based on the carrying amount of each asset in the unit. Any impairment loss for goodwill is recognised directly in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. An impairment loss recognised for goodwill is not reversed in subsequent periods.

On disposal of the relevant cash-generating unit, the attributable amount of goodwill is included in the determination of the profit or loss on disposal.

3.3                  Non-current assets held for sale

Non-current assets and disposal groups (which may include both non-current and current assets and liabilities directly associated with those assets) are classified in the statement of financial position as ‘held for sale’ if it is highly probable that their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction within twelve months after the reporting date rather than through continuing use. Non-current assets classified as held for sale in the current period’s consolidated statement of financial position are not reclassified in the comparative consolidated statement of financial position.

Held-for-sale property, plant and equipment or disposal groups as a whole are generally measured at the lower of their carrying amounts and fair values less costs to sell or distribute. Held-for-sale property, plant and equipment are not depreciated.

3.4                  Revenue recognition

The Group recognises revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Group expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue is recognised, net of value-added tax, volume rebates, trade discounts, returns, listing fees and various promotional and marketing activities that are an integral part of contracts with customers. This core principle is delivered in a five-step model framework.

The Group considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated.

In determining the transaction price, the Group considers the effects of variable consideration, the existence of significant financing components, noncash consideration and consideration payable to the customer.

Group’s sales contracts generally comprise of only one performance obligation. As such, the Group do not disclose information about the allocation of the transaction price.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.4      Revenue recognition (continued)

(i)          Revenue from sale of products and merchandise – wholesale

The Group manufactures and sells its own products and goods of third parties (for which the Group is a distributor) in the wholesale market. Revenue is recognised when the Group transfers the promised goods or services to the wholesaler.

Products are sold with volume discounts and customers have a right to return products in the wholesale market in case of defects. Sales are recorded based on the price specified in the sales contracts, net of estimated volume rebates and trade discounts and returns. The volume discounts are assessed based on contracts with customers. No element of financing is deemed present in the sales.

(ii)            Revenue  from sale of products and merchandise – retail

Sales of products and goods sold in retail stores are recognised when the Group sells a product to the customer. Retail sales are usually in cash or by credit card. The Group does not operate any customer loyalty programmes.

(iii)       Revenue from services

Sales of services, such as private label production, are recognised in the accounting period in which the services are rendered, by reference to stage of completion, on the basis of the actual service provided as a proportion of the total services to be provided.

(iv)       Finance income

Finance income comprises interest income on funds invested, changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and foreign currency gains. Interest income is recognised as it accrues, using the effective interest method. Dividend income is recognised when the right to receive payment is established.

3.5      Leases

Lease is a contract or part of the contract that conveys the right to control the use of an asset (identified asset) for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Podravka Group leases certain property (including long-term lease of agricultural land), plant and equipment.

The Group adopted IFRS 16 using the modified retrospective method of adoption, with the date of initial application of 1 January 2019. The Company applied the standard only to contracts that were previously identified as leases applying IAS 17 and IFRIC 4 at the date of initial application.

The Group also elected to use the recognition exemptions for lease contracts that, at the commencement date, have a lease term of 12 months or less and do not contain a purchase option (short-term leases), and lease contracts for which the underlying asset is of low value in the amount up to HRK 35 thousand (low-value assets). Assessment of asset of a low value starts from the assessment of new assets, regardless of the age of that asset at the time of assessment. If a lessee subleases an asset the head lease does not qualify as a lease of a low value asset. In short-term leases and leases of a low value asset, lease payments associated with these leases are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

At the commencement date of the lease the Podravka Group recognizes right-of-use assets at cost. The cost of right-of-use assets comprises of amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability, all lease payments plus all direct costs and less any lease incentives received. The asset is activated when it is put into use.

The Podravka Group at the commencement date also recognizes lease liabilities at the present value of the minimum future lease payments (discounted value). Interest rate implicit in the lease contract is used for discounting or if that rate cannot be readily determined, the incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date is used.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.5    Leases (continued)

Variable lease payments that do not depend on the index or rate are not included in lease liabilities but are recognized in the income statement in the period in which they are incurred.

Subsequently, right-of-use asset company as a lessee measures at cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses and adjusts for any remeasurement of the lease liability.

Asset is amortized from the commencement date of the lease until the end of the useful life of the asset.

Lease liabilities are measured at the effective interest rate method and re-measured to include changes due to reassessments (changes in fixed payments, lease terms, discount rates and other similar changes).

Lease term includes the non-cancellable period during which the lessee is entitled to use the asset that is the subject of the lease and begins on the date on which the lessee makes the determined assets available to the lessee. Lease term includes periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.

In the statement of financial position, right-of-use assets is reported as a separate line under long term assets, lease liabilities are disclosed as a separate item within long-term and short-term liabilities.

The statement of comprehensive income includes the cost of depreciation of the right-of-use assets and interest expenses on lease liabilities (see note 20).

Leases where the significant portion of risks and rewards of ownership are not retained by the Group are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases are charged to the statement of comprehensive income on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease.

Sale and leaseback

Sale and leaseback transactions include the sale of some assets and return/lease of the same.

If the transfer of an asset by the lessee is a sale, the Group as a seller-lessee shall measure the right-of-use asset arising from the leaseback at the proportion of the previous carrying amount of the asset that relates to the right of use retained by the seller-lessee. In this case the Group as a seller-lessee shall recognize only the amount of any gain or loss that relates to the rights transferred to the buyer-lessor.

If the fair value of the consideration for the sale of an asset does not equal the fair value of the asset, or if the payments for the lease are not at market rates, the Group shall make the adjustments to measure the sale proceeds at fair value. Any below-market terms shall be accounted for as a prepayment of lease payments and any above-market terms shall be accounted for as additional financing provided by the buyer-lessor to the seller-lessee. All potential adjustments are measured on the basis of the more readily determinable of the difference between the fair value of the consideration for the sale and the fair value of the asset and the difference between the present value of the contractual payments for the lease and the present value of payments for the lease at market rates.

If the transfer of an asset is not a sale, the Group as a lessee shall continue to recognize the transferred asset and shall recognize a financial liability equal to the transfer proceeds.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.6                  Foreign currency transactions

(i)              Transactions and balances in foreign currencies

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the foreign exchange rate ruling at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are retranslated into the functional currency at the foreign exchange rate ruling at that date.  Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in profit or loss. 

Non-monetary assets and items that are measured in terms of historical cost of a foreign currency are not retranslated.

Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, which are stated at historical cost, are translated into functional currency at foreign exchange rates ruling at the date of transaction.

(ii)             Group companies

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (“the functional currency”). The consolidated financial statements are presented in Croatian kuna (“HRK”), which is also the Company’s functional currency.

Income and expense items and cash flows of foreign operations are translated into the Company’s and Group’s presentation currency at rates approximating the foreign exchange rates ruling at the dates of transactions and their assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates ruling at the year end. All resulting exchange differences are recognised in a separate component of equity. The applicable foreign exchange rates for relevant currencies are included within currency risk disclosures.

(iii)           Net investment in Group companies

Exchange differences arising from the translation of the net investment in foreign operations are taken to equity. When a foreign operation is sold, such exchange differences are released in profit or loss as part of the gain or loss on sale of foreign operations.

3.7                  Borrowings and borrowing costs

Borrowings are recognised initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently stated at amortised cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognised in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation.

Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the Group has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting date.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.8                  Government grants

Government grants are not recognised until there is reasonable assurance that the Group will comply with the conditions associated with them and that the grants will be received. Government grants are recognised in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Group recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate. Specifically, government grants whose primary condition is that the Group should purchase, construct or otherwise acquire non-current assets are recognised as deferred revenue in the consolidated statement of financial position and transferred to profit or loss on a systematic and rational basis over the useful lives of the related assets.

Government grants that are receivable as compensation for expenses or loss already incurred or for the purpose of giving immediate financial support to the Group with no future related costs are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they become receivable.

3.9                  Dividends

Dividend distribution to the Company’s shareholders is recognised as a liability in the financial statements in the period in which the dividends are approved by the General Assembly of the Company’s shareholders.

3.10               Segment reporting

A segment is a distinguishable component of the Group that is engaged either in providing related products or services (business segment), or in providing products or services within a particular economic environment (geographical segment), which is subject to risks and rewards that are different from those of other segments.

At the consolidated level, the Group internally monitors and reports the following segments:

-      BP Culinary

-      BP Baby food, sweets and snacks

-      BP Podravka Food

-      BP Žito and Lagris

     Žito and related companies

     Other companies

-      BP Meat products, meat solutions and savoury spreads

-      BP Fish

-      Pharmaceuticals

-      Other sales

The Group identifies operating segments on the basis of internal reports about components of the Group that are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (which was identified as being the Management Board of the Company) in order to allocate resources to the segments and to assess their performance. Details on the operating segments are disclosed in note 8 to the consolidated financial statements. Comparative information is presented using the comparability principle.

3.11               Taxation

(i)             Income tax

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Tax expense is recognised in the statement of comprehensive income except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case it is recognised in the statement of other comprehensive income or in equity.

Income tax for the current year is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted at the balance sheet date in countries where the Company and its subsidiaries operate and earn taxable profit.

Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.11    Taxation (continued)

(ii)            Deferred tax assets and liabilities

Deferred tax is recognised using the balance sheet method, providing for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognised for the following temporary differences: the initial recognition of goodwill, the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit and differences that relate to investments in subsidiaries and joint ventures when it is probable that no significant change is expected in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to the temporary differences when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

A deferred tax asset is recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which temporary difference can be utilised. Deferred tax assets are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised.

Deferred tax asset recognised on the basis of tax losses carried forward is recognised in accordance with tax legislation of the country where the company operates for the period envisaged by the law and is discharged at the expiry of this period if it is not used until then.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realised simultaneously.

(iii)          Investment tax credits

Investment tax credits are incentives arising from government incentive schemes which enable the Group to reduce its income tax liability or liabilities arising from other specified taxes in future periods, and are linked to the construction or acquisition of certain assets and/or performance of certain activities and/or fulfilment of certain specific conditions prescribed in the relevant regulation for investment incentives by the relevant authorities. Tax investment credits are initially recognized as a deferred tax asset and an income tax benefit in the amount equal to the lower of the maximum authorized credit and the estimated amount of credit that the Group expected it will be able to utilize until the incentive expires. Deferred tax assets recognized as a result of investment tax credits is utilized during the period of the incentive, i.e. until the expiration of the credits (if so specified) in accordance with and subject to the availability of tax obligations in future years against which the credits can be offset.

(iv)           Tax exposure

In determining the amount of current and deferred tax, the Group takes into account the impact of uncertain tax positions and whether additional taxes and interest may be due. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of judgements about future events. New information may become available that causes the Group to change its judgement regarding the adequacy of existing tax liabilities; such changes to tax liabilities will impact tax expense in the period that such a determination is made.

(v)            Value added tax (VAT)

The Tax Authorities require the settlement of VAT on a net basis. VAT related to sales and purchases is recognised and disclosed in the consolidated statement of financial position on a net basis. Where a provision has been made for impairment of receivables, impairment loss is recorded for the gross amount receivable, including VAT.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.12         Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are included in the consolidated statement of financial position at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items.

Subsequent expenditure is included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognised. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to the consolidated statement of comprehensive income during the financial period in which they are incurred.

Land and assets under construction are not depreciated. Depreciation of other items of property, plant and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost to their residual values over their estimated useful lives, as follows:

Buildings	10 to 50 years
Equipment	3 to 30 years

The residual value of an asset is the estimated amount that the Group would currently obtain from disposal of the asset less the estimated costs of disposal, if the asset were already of the age and in the condition expected at the end of its useful life. The assets’ residual values and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at each reporting date and when necessary.

An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset’s carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

Gains and losses on disposals are determined as the difference between the income from the disposal and the asset’s carrying amount, and are recognised in profit or loss within other income/expenses.

3.13         Investment property

Investment property is property (land, buildings or a part of a building, or both) held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation (or both). Investment property is treated as long-term investments.

Investment property is carried at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Depreciation of buildings is calculated using the straight-line method over their useful lives generally ranging from 10 to 50 years, depending on the type of the building.

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss when they are incurred. If the Group starts using the investment property, it is reclassified to property, plant and equipment.

The Group discloses the fair value of investment property on the basis of periodical independent valuations by expert valuers.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.14               Intangible assets

Intangible assets may be acquired in exchange for a non-cash asset or assets, or a combination of cash and non-cash items, whereby the cost of such intangible asset is determined at fair value unless the exchange transaction lacks commercial substance or the fair value of items received or assets disposed of cannot be reliably measured, in which case the carrying value is determined as the carrying amount of the asset disposed of.

(i)         Licences, brands, distribution rights and registration files

Product distribution rights and right over use of registration files generally have a definite useful life and are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Amortisation is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate the cost of licences, distribution rights and registrations, and brands with definite useful lives over their useful lives estimated from 3 to 15 years.

Rights to acquired trademarks and know-how are carried at cost and have an indefinite useful life, since based on an analysis of all of the relevant factors at the reporting date, there is no foreseeable limit to the period of time over which the identified rights are expected to generate net cash inflows. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested annually for impairment and are stated at cost less accumulated impairment loss (note 3.15).

(ii)        Computer software

Computer software licences are capitalised on the basis of the costs incurred to acquire and bring to use the specific software. These costs are amortised over their useful lives estimated at 5 years.

(iii)      Internally-generated intangible assets - research and development expenditure

Expenditure on research activities is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred. An internally-generated intangible asset arising from development (or from the development phase of an internal project) is recognised if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated:

§ the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale;

§ the intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

§ the ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

§ how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

§ the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

§ the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development. 

The amount initially recognised for internally-generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Where no internally-generated intangible asset can be recognised, development expenditure is recognised in profit or loss in the period in which it is incurred.

Subsequent to initial recognition, internally-generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment loss, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.15               Impairment of non-financial assets

At each reporting date, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets (apart from inventories and deferred taxes) to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss. Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Group estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. Where a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and other intangible assets are tested for impairment annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a post-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is expensed immediately. In situation when an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized as income immediately.

3.16               Inventories

Inventories of raw materials and spare parts are stated at the lower of cost, determined using the weighted average cost method, and net realisable value.  Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less applicable variable selling expenses.

The cost of work-in-progress and finished goods comprises raw materials, direct labour, other direct costs and related production overheads (based on normal operating capacity).

Merchandise is carried at the lower of purchase cost and selling price (less applicable taxes and rebates).

3.17               Trade receivables

i)               Trade receivables

Trade receivables are recognised initially at cost which is equal to the fair value at the moment of recognition and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, if significant; if not, at nominal amount less an allowance for impairment.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.17     Trade receivables (continued)

ii)              Bills of exchange

For the purpose of collecting its receivables, the Group receives security instruments.

Bills of exchange received from customers with respect to outstanding trade receivables may be discounted with factoring companies prior to their maturity. If a bill of exchange bears a recourse right, the factoring company takes over the receivable management, but does not assume the credit risk of non-collection of the receivable from the original (principal) debtor. Based on factoring company’s payments, the Group records collection of receivables from the original (principal) debtor and simultaneously records receivables for the discounted bill of exchange and liabilities for recourse right.

For bills of exchange collected from the principal debtor upon maturity, receivables from the principal debtor are closed following the collection of the bill of exchange.

3.18         Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks and other short-term highly liquid instruments with original maturities of three months or less. Bank overdrafts are included within current liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial position.

3.19               Share capital

Share capital consists of ordinary shares. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares or options are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds of those transactions. Any excess of the fair value of the consideration received over the par value of the shares issued is presented in the notes as a share premium.

If the Group purchases its own equity share capital (treasury shares), the consideration paid, including any directly attributable incremental costs (net of income taxes) is deducted from equity attributable to the Company’s equity holders until the shares are cancelled, reissued or disposed of. Where such shares are subsequently sold or reissued, any consideration received, net of any directly attributable incremental transaction costs and the related income tax effects, is included in equity attributable to the Company’s equity holders.

3.20               Employee benefits

(i)            Pension obligations and post-employment benefits

In the normal course of business through salary payment, the Group makes payments to mandatory pension funds operated by third parties on behalf of its employees as required by law. All contributions made to the mandatory pension funds are recorded as salary expense when incurred. The Group is not obliged to provide any other post-employment benefits with respect to these pension schemes.

(ii)          Termination benefits

Termination benefits are payable when employment is terminated by the Group before the normal retirement date, or whenever an employee accepts voluntary redundancy in exchange for these benefits. The Group recognises termination benefits as expenses when it is demonstrably committed to either: terminating the employment of current employees according to a detailed formal plan without possibility of withdrawal; or providing termination benefits as a result of an offer made to encourage voluntary redundancy.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.20     Employee benefits (continued)

(iii)         Regular retirement benefits

Retirement benefits falling due more than 12 months after the reporting date are discounted to their present value based on the calculation performed at each reporting date by an independent actuary, using assumptions regarding the number of staff likely to earn regular retirement benefits, estimated benefit cost and the discount rate which is determined as the average expected rate of return on investment in government and corporate bonds. Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in other comprehensive income.

(iv)         Long-term employee benefits

The Group recognises a liability for long-term employee benefits (jubilee awards) evenly over the period the benefit is earned based on actual years of service. The long-term employee benefit liability is determined annually by an independent actuary, using assumptions regarding the likely number of staff to whom the benefits will be payable, estimated benefit cost and the discount rate which is determined as the average expected rate of return on investment in corporate bonds. Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in profit or loss.

(v)           Short-term employee benefits

The Group recognises a provision for employee bonuses where contractually obliged or where there is a past practice that has created a constructive obligation.

(vi)       Share-based compensation

The Group operates an equity-settled, share-based compensation plan. The fair value of the

employee services received in exchange for the grant of the options is recognised as an expense. The total amount to be expensed over the vesting period is determined by reference to the fair value of the options granted, excluding the impact of any non-market vesting conditions (for example, profitability and sales growth targets). At each reporting date, the entity revises its estimates of the number of options that are expected to become exercisable. It recognises the impact of the revision to original estimates, if any, in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (profit or loss), with a corresponding adjustment to equity during the remaining vesting period.

The proceeds received net of any directly attributable transaction costs are credited to share capital (nominal value of shares) and share premium (the difference between the nominal value of shares and the proceeds received) when the options are exercised.

3.21               Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event and it is probable (i.e. more likely than not) that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. Where the effect of discounting is material, the amount of the provision is the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation, determined using the estimated risk free interest rate as the discount rate. Where discounting is used, the reversal of such discounting in each year is recognized as a financial expense and the carrying amount of the provision increases in each year to reflect the passage of time.

Provisions for restructuring costs are recognized when the Group has a detailed formal plan for the restructuring that has been communicated to parties concerned.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.22               Financial instruments

A.             Financial assets

(i)             Recognition and initial measurement

Trade receivables are initially recognised when they are originated. All other financial assets are initially recognised when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

A financial asset (unless it is a trade receivable without a significant financing component) is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue. A trade receivable without a significant financing component is initially measured at the transaction price.

(ii)            Classification and subsequent measurement

On initial recognition, a financial asset is classified as measured at:

-        amortised cost;

-        fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) – debt instruments;

-        fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) – equity instruments;

-        or FVTPL (fair value through profit or loss).

Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition unless the Group changes its business model for managing financial assets, in which case all affected financial assets are reclassified on the first day of the first reporting period following the change in the business model.

A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

-        it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and

-        its contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A debt instruments is measured at FVOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

-        it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

-        its contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

On initial recognition of an equity instruments that is not held for trading, the Group may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the instrument’s fair value in OCI. This election is made on an instrument-by-instrument basis.

All financial assets not classified as measured at amortised cost or FVOCI as described above are measured at FVTPL. This includes all derivative financial assets. On initial recognition, the Group may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost or at FVOCI as at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.22      Financial instruments (continued)

A   Financial assets (continued)

 (ii)       Classification and subsequent measurement (continued)

Business model assessment

The Group makes an assessment of the objective of the business model in which a financial asset is held at a portfolio level because this best reflects the way the business is managed and information is provided to management. The information considered includes:

-       the stated policies and objectives for the portfolio and the operation of those policies in practice. These include whether management’s strategy focuses on earning contractual interest income, maintaining a particular interest rate profile, matching the duration of the financial assets to the duration of any related liabilities or expected cash outflows or realising cash flows through the sale of the assets;

-       how the performance of the portfolio is evaluated and reported to the Group’s management;

-       the risks that affect the performance of the business model (and the financial assets held within that business model) and how those risks are managed;

-       how managers of the business are compensated – e.g. whether compensation is based on the fair value of the assets managed or the contractual cash flows collected; and

-       the frequency, volume and timing of sales of financial assets in prior periods, the reasons for such sales and expectations about future sales activity.

Transfers of financial assets to third parties in transactions that do not qualify for derecognition are not considered sales for this purpose, consistent with the Group’s continuing recognition of the assets.

Trade receivables are held in the business model of holding for the purpose of collection.

Financial assets that are held for trading or are managed and whose performance is evaluated on a fair value basis are measured at FVTPL.

Assessment whether contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest

For the purposes of this assessment, relevant for the purpose of classifying financial assets at amortised cost, ‘principal’ is defined as the fair value of the financial asset on initial recognition. ‘Interest’ is defined as consideration for the time value of money and for the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period of time and for other basic lending risks and costs (e.g. liquidity risk and administrative costs), as well as a profit margin.

In assessing the main criterion, i.e. whether the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest, the Group considers the contractual terms of the instrument. This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition.

The structure of the Group’s financial assets is simple and primarily relates to trade receivables without a significant financial component, loans given and short-term deposits in banks at fixed interest rates, while forward contracts are of insignificant amount. This significantly reduces the complexity of the assessment whether the financial assets meet the criterion of ‘solely payments of principal and interest'.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.22     Financial instruments (continued)

A   Financial assets (continued)

 (ii)       Classification and subsequent measurement (continued)

Subsequent measurement and gains and losses

The table below provides an overview of key provisions of the accounting policy used by the Group for subsequent measurement of financial assets and recognition of gains and losses on each class of financial assets:

Financial assets at FVTPL	These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Net gains and losses, including any interest or dividend income, are recognised in profit or loss.
Financial assets at amortised cost	These assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. The amortised cost is reduced by impairment losses. Interest income, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in profit or loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is recognised in profit or loss.
Debt instruments at FVOCI	These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Interest income calculated using the effective interest method, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in profit or loss. Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI. On derecognition, gains and losses accumulated in OCI are reclassified to profit or loss.
Equity instruments at FVOCI	These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Dividends are recognised as income in profit or loss unless the dividend clearly represents a recovery of part of the cost of the instruments. Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI and are never reclassified to profit or loss.

(iii)          Derecognition

The Group derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Group neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset.

The Group enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognised in its statement of financial position, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets. In these cases, the transferred assets are not derecognised.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.22      Financial instruments (continued)

B.             Financial liabilities

(i)             Recognition and initial measurement

Debt securities are initially recognised when they are originated. All other financial liabilities are initially recognised when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

A financial liability is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at FVTPL, transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue.

(ii)            Classification and subsequent measurement

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortised cost or FVTPL. A financial liability is classified as at FVTPL if it is classified as held-for-trading, it is a derivative or it is designated as such on initial recognition. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognised in profit or loss. Other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is also recognised in profit or loss.

(iii)          Derecognition

The Group derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire. The Group also derecognises a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows of the modified liability are substantially different, in which case a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value.

On derecognition of a financial liability, the difference between the carrying amount extinguished and the consideration paid (including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed) is recognised in profit or loss.

C.             Offsetting

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the statement of financial position when, and only when, the Group currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

D.             Derivative financial instruments

The Group holds derivative financial instruments to hedge its foreign currency and interest rate risk exposures. Embedded derivatives are separated from the host contract and accounted for separately if the host contract is not a financial asset and certain criteria are met. Derivatives are initially measured at fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value, and changes therein are generally recognised in profit or loss.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.22      Financial instruments (continued)

E.             Impairment of non-derivative financial assets

Recognition of impairment losses

The Group recognises loss allowances for expected credit loss (ECL)s on:

-        financial assets measured at amortised cost;

-        debt instruments measured at FVOCI; and

-        contract assets.

The Group measures loss allowances at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs, except for the following, which are measured at 12-month ECLs:

-        debt securities that are determined to have low credit risk at the reporting date; and

-        other debt securities and bank balances for which credit risk (i.e. the risk of default occurring over the expected life of the financial instrument) has not increased significantly since initial recognition.

Loss allowances for trade receivables are always measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs.

When determining whether the credit risk of a financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition and when estimating ECLs, the Group considers reasonable and supportable information that is relevant and available without undue cost or effort. This includes both quantitative and qualitative information and analysis, based on the Group’s historical experience and informed credit assessment and including forward-looking information.

The Group assumes that the credit risk on a financial asset has increased significantly if early warning indicators have been activated in accordance with the Group’s policy or contractual terms of the instrument.

The Group considers a financial asset to be fully or partially in default if:

-        the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligations to the Group in full, without recourse by the Group to actions such as realising security (if any is held); or

-        the financial asset is more than 360 days past due.

Lifetime ECLs are the ECLs that result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument.

12-month ECLs are the portion of ECLs that result from default events that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date (or a shorter period if the expected life of the instrument is less than 12 months).

The maximum period considered when estimating ECLs is the maximum contractual period over which the Group is exposed to credit risk.

Measurement of ECLs

ECLs are estimate of credit losses. Credit losses are measured as the difference between the cash flows due to the Group in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive. Regular external trade receivables that are not past due and uncollected receivables past due up to 360 days from the maturity date are impaired using the percentage that reflects the expectations of the non-collection of trade receivables (ECL). The percentage of impairment is determined on the basis of the average of the previous three-year period (historical rate) separately for each of the Group’s companies, adjusted for the macroeconomic impact. The calculation of the historical rate is adjusted for extraordinary and specific circumstances, if required.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.22     Financial instruments (continued)

E          Impairment of non-derivative financial assets (continued)

Credit-impaired financial assets

At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether financial assets carried at amortised cost and debt securities at FVOCI are credit-impaired. A financial asset is ‘credit-impaired’ when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred.

Evidence that a financial asset is credit-impaired includes the following observable data:

-        significant financial difficulty of the borrower or issuer;

-        a breach of contract such as a significant delay of payment by the borrower;

-        it is probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganisation; or

-        the disappearance of an active market for a security because of financial difficulties.

Presentation of allowance for ECL in the statement of financial position.

Loss allowances for financial assets measured at amortised cost are deducted from the gross carrying amount of the assets. For debt securities at FVOCI, the loss allowance is charged to profit or loss and is recognised in OCI.

Write-off of financial assets

The gross carrying amount of a financial asset is written off when the Group has no reasonable expectations of recovering a financial asset in its entirety or a portion thereof. The Group has a policy of writing off the gross carrying amount of a financial asset upon the legal statute of limitation and it generally expects no recovery of the amount written off.

3.23        Reclassification of items in the Statement of Financial Position and the Statement of Cash Flows

In accordance with the EU Transparency Directive by which ESMA (European Securities and Markets Authority) introduces the obligation to implement ESEF (European single electronic format based on the XBRL format) for Issuers, the Group has reclassified items of the Statement of Financial Position and Cash Flow Statement with the aim of optimal use of valid taxonomy.

The effects of reclassification are as follows:

Statement of financial position

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.23        Reclassification of items in the Statement of Financial Position and the Statement of Cash Flows (continued)

Statement of financial position (continued)

 

Cash flow statement

 

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.23        Reclassification of items in the Statement of Financial Position and the Statement of Cash Flows (continued)

Cash flow statement (continued)

                     

NOTE 4 – NEW STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS NOT YET ADOPTED

At the date of issue of these financial statements, the following standards, amendments and interpretations issued by the International Accounting Standards Board are not yet effective.

·       Amendments to IFRS 3 Business Combinations; IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment; IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, all issued on 14 May 2020, (effective date for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2022).

·       Amendments to Annual Improvements 2018-2020, issued on 14 May 2020 (effective date for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2022).

At the date of authorization of these financial statements the following standards, revisions and interpretations were in issue by the International Accounting Standards Board but not yet adopted by the EU. The endorsement might be expected in 2022:

·       Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current and Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current - Deferral of Effective Date, issued on 23 January 2020 and 15 July 2020 respectively (effective date for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023).

·       Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and IFRS Practice Statement 2: Disclosure of Accounting policies, issued on 12 February 2021 (effective date for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023).

·       Amendments to IAS 8 Accounting policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors: Definition of Accounting Estimates issued on 12 February 2021 (effective date for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023).

·       Amendments to IAS 12 Income Taxes: Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transactions, issued on 7 May 2021 (effective date for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023).

The Group does not expect the adoption of these standards and interpretations to have a material impact on the Group’s financial statements.

NOTE 5 – IMPACT OF NEW ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accounting policies adopted are consistent with those of the previous financial year except for the following amended IFRSs which have been adopted by the Group as of 1 January 2021:

·       Amendment to IFRS 16 Leases Covid 19-Related Rent Concessions, issued on 31 March 2020 (effective date for annual periods beginning on or after 1 April 2021).

·       Amendments to IFRS 9, IAS 39, IFRS 7, IFRS 4 and IFRS 16 Interest Rate Benchmark Reform – Phase 2, issued on 27 August 2020 (effective date for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2021).

The adoption of these standards and interpretations did not have a significant impact on the Group’s financial statements.

NOTE 6 – KEY ACCOUNTING JUDGEMENTS AND ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Financial reporting standards as adopted by the European Union (EU IFRS) requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of assets and liabilities, income and expenses. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making the judgments about carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.  Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period or in the period of revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

Judgments made by management in the application of EU IFRSs that have significant effect on the financial statements and estimates with a significant risk of material adjustments in the next year are discussed in more detail below.

(i)             Deferred tax assets recognition

The deferred tax asset represents income taxes recoverable through future deductions from taxable profits and is recorded in the statement of financial position. Deferred income tax assets are recorded to the extent that realisation of the related tax benefit is probable. In determining future taxable profits and the amount of tax benefits that are probable in the future, management makes judgements and applies estimation based on previous years taxable profits and expectations of future income that are believed to be reasonable under the existing circumstances (see note 15).

(ii)            Actuarial estimates used in determining obligations for employee benefits

The cost of defined benefits is determined using actuarial estimates. Actuarial estimates involve assumptions about discount rates, future salary increases and the mortality or fluctuation rates. Due to the long-term nature of those plans, these estimates contain an element of uncertainty (see note 35).

(iii)          Consequences of certain legal actions

The Group is involved in a number of legal actions which have arisen from the regular course of operations. Management makes estimates of probable outcomes of the legal actions, and the provisions for the Group’s obligations arising from these legal actions are recognised on a consistent basis.

The Group recognises a provision in the total expected amount of outflows of economic benefits as a result of the court case, which is generally the claim amount plus penalty interest (if applicable), if it is more likely than not, based on the opinion of management after consultation with legal advisers, that the outcome of the court case will be unfavourable for the Group. The Group does not recognise provisions for court cases or the expected related legal costs and penalty interest (if applicable) in cases where management estimates that an unfavourable outcome of the court case is less likely than a favourable outcome for the Group.

Where indications exist of a possible settlement in relation to a particular court case, a provision is recognised, based on the best estimate of management made in consultation with its legal advisers, in the amount of the expected settlement less any existing amounts already provided for in relation to that particular court case.

Where the Group is a plaintiff in a particular court case, any economic benefits expected to flow to the Group as a result are recognised only when virtually certain which is generally as at the date of inflow of these economic benefits.

Provisions for the Group’s obligations arising from legal actions are recognised on a consistent basis and estimated on a case by case principle (see note 3.21 and 35).

NOTE 6 – KEY ACCOUNTING JUDGEMENTS AND ESTIMATES (CONTINUED)

(iv)           Recoverability of trade and other receivables

The recoverable amount of trade and other receivables is estimated at present value of future cash flows discounted at the market interest rate at the measurement date. Short-term receivables with no stated interest rate are measured by the amount of original invoice if the effect of discounting is not significant.

The Group regularly reviews the ageing structure of trade receivables and monitors the average collection period. In cases where debtors with extended payment periods are identified, the Group reduces the related credit limits and payment days for future transactions and, in cases where it deems it necessary, imposes restrictions on future transactions until the outstanding balance is repaid either entirely or in part. In cases where the Group identifies receivables toward debtors which have entered into pre-bankruptcy or bankruptcy proceedings, an impairment loss is immediately recognised in full.

By applying the percentage that reflects expectations on the non-collection of trade receivables (expected credit loss), the Group impairs undue regular external trade receivables and past due uncollected receivables up to 360 days from the maturity date.

In the process of regulating the collection of overdue debts, the Group actively negotiates with the respective debtors taking into account expectations of future business relations, significance of exposure to an individual debtor, possibilities of compensation, exercise of instruments of security (if any) or seizure of assets.

(v)            Impairment testing for goodwill, brands and rights

The Group tests goodwill, brands and rights for impairment on an annual basis in accordance with accounting policy 3.14. For the purposes of impairment testing, goodwill, brands and rights with indefinite useful lives and brands and rights with finite useful lives have been allocated to cash generating units within reportable segments at their net carrying amount at the reporting date as follows:

The recoverable amount of cash generating units is determined based on value-in-use calculations or fair value. These calculations use cash flow projections from financial budgets approved by management and cover a period of five years.